Ethnoecology delves into how diverse groups of people across different regions understand and interact with the ecosystems surrounding them. At its core, it seeks to comprehensively understand human-environment interactions and the sustainability of these intricate relationships over time.

The term "ethno" in ethnoecology, derived from ethnology, indicates a localised study of a specific group of people. Combined with ecology, it signifies the focus on a particular people's understanding and experiences within their environments. Unlike traditional ecology, which focuses on the interactions of living organisms with their surroundings, ethnoecology takes a distinct approach by regarding humans as keystone species to ecosystem sustainability.

At first glance, this might suggest that humans are seen as more critical than the other-than-human world. Instead, it seeks to foreground how human communities can better de-centre themselves towards creating a more central ecologically minded way of life. Ethnoecology recognises that how humans relate to ecosystems, through their ability to leverage environmental resources to the detriment of the environment, is crucial in creating sustainable futures.

The roots of ethnoecology trace back to the early works of Dr. Hugh Popenoe, an agronomist and tropical soil scientist, and Dr. Harold Conklin, a cognitive anthropologist renowned for his linguistic and ethnoecological research in Southeast Asia. In his groundbreaking 1954 dissertation, "The Relation of the Hanunoo Culture to the Plant World," Conklin coined "ethnoecology" to describe his approach. His subsequent studies, such as the "Hanunoo Color Categories" experiment, shed light on how cultures perceive and categorise the world around them, challenging ethnocentric views in Western cultures.

Ethnoecology investigates how societies conceptualise the world and its environments and emphasises the importance of understanding these perceptions from that community's perspective. Drawing on methods from linguistics, cultural anthropology, and other research fields provides valuable insights into how different cultures organise and classify their surroundings. This information, crucial for environmental anthropology, helps researchers grasp how each society deems what is significant within its ecological system.

The field of ethnoecology owes much to pioneering anthropologists like Franz Boas, Julian Steward, and Leslie White. Boas urged anthropologists to gather detailed ethnographic data from an emic standpoint, emphasizing the uniqueness of each culture's evolutionary path. Steward's concept of cultural ecology highlighted how societies adapt to diverse social and physical environments, challenging the notion of a single path toward civilization. White, in turn, emphasized the interpretation of cultures as integrated systems, laying the foundation for understanding their intersection with ecosystems.

Today, ethnoecology is a crucial discipline within environmental anthropology, offering a rich tapestry of insights into how humanity perceives, interacts with, and sustains the natural world.